Philippine History During the Japanese Occupation Essay

Pre-Spanish Times There are two theories on the origins of the first Filipinos, the inhabitants of what will later be called the Philippine Islands and eventually the Republic of the Philippines. See the Early Inhabitants of the Philippine Islands. In the beginning of the 3rd century, the inhabitants of Luzon island were in contact and trading with East Asian sea-farers and merchants including the Chinese. In the 1400’s the Japanese also established a trading post at Aparri in Northern Luzon. In 1380, Muslim Arabs arrived at the Sulu Archipelago and established settlements which became mini-states ruled by a Datu. They introduced Islam in the southern parts of the archipelago including some parts of Luzon and were under the control of the Muslim sultans of Borneo. They had a significant influence over the region for a couple of hundreds years. The Malay Muslims remained dominant in these parts until the 16th century. Philippine History During the American Era The Spanish-American war which started in Cuba, changed the history of the Philippines. On May 1, 1898, the Americans led by U.S. Navy Admiral George Dewey, in participation of Emilio Aguinaldo, attacked the Spanish Navy in Manila Bay. Faced with defeat, the Philippines was ceded to the United States by Spain in 1898 after a payment of US$ 20 million to Spain in accordance with the â€Å"Treaty of Paris† ending the Spanish-American War. On June 12, 1898, Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence. This declaration was opposed by the U.S. who had plans of taking over the colony. And this led to a guerrilla war against the Americans. In 1901, Aguinaldo was captured and declared allegiance to the United States. On the same year, William Howard Taft was appointed as the first U.S. governor of the Philippines. The U.S.passed the Jones Law in 1916 establishing an elected Filipino legislature with a House of representatives & Senate. In 1934, the Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed by the U.S. Congress, established the Commonwealth of the Philippines and promised Philippine independence by  1946. The law also provided for the position of President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. On the May 14, 1935 elections, Manuel L. Quezon won the position of President of the Philippine Commonwealth. In accordance with the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, The Philippines was given independence on July 4, 1946 and the Republic of the Philippines was born. Philippine History During the Japanese Occupation On December 8, 1941, the Japanese invades the Philippines hours after bombing Pear Harbor in Hawaii. While the forces of Gen. Douglas MacArthur retreated to Bataan, the Commonwealth government of President Quezon moved to Corregidor Island. Manila was declared an open city to prevent further destruction. After the fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942 and Corregidor, In March 1942, MacArthur & Quezon fled the country and by invitation of President Roosevelt, the Commonwealth government went into exile to Washington D.C. American and Filipino forces surrendered in May 6, 1942. Soon a guerrilla war against the Japanese was fought by the Philippine & American Armies while Filipinos were enduring the cruelty of the Japanese military against civilians. Prior to Quezon’s exile, he advised Dr. Jose P. Laurel to head and cooperate with the Japanese civilian government in the hope that the collaboration will lead to a less brutality of the Japanese towards the Filipinos. Rightly or wrongly, President Laurel and his war time government was largely detested by the Filipinos. In October 1944, Gen. MacArthur with President Sergio Osmeà ±a (who assumed the presidency after Quezon died on August 1, 1944 in exile in Saranac Lake, New York) returned and liberated the Philippines from the Japanese.

How to Analyze Text

ANALYZING A PASSAGE In writing about literature or any specific text, you will strengthen your discussion if you offer specific passages from the text as evidence. Rather than simply dropping in quotations and expecting their significance and relevance to your argument to be self-evident, you need to provide sufficient analysis of the passage. Remember that your over-riding goal of analysis writing is to demonstrate some new understanding of the text. HOW TO ANALYZE A TEXT? 1. Read or reread the text with specific questions in mind. 2. Marshal basic ideas, events and names.Depending on the complexity of book, this requires additional review of the text. 3. Think through your personal reaction to the book: identification, enjoyment, significance, application. 4. Identify and consider most important ideas (importance will depend on context of class, assignment, study guide). 5. Return to the text to locate specific evidence and passages related to the major ideas. 6. Use your knowledge following the principles of analyzing a passage described below: test, essay, research, presentation, discussion, enjoyment. PRINCIPLES OF ANALYZING A PASSAGE 1. Accompanying material: The Man With The ScarOffer a thesis or topic sentence indicating a basic observation or assertion about the text or passage. 2. Offer a context for the passage without offering too much summary. 3. Cite the passage (using correct format). 4. Then follow the passage with some combination of the following elements: * Discuss what happens in the passage and why it is significant to the work as a whole. * Consider what is said, particularly subtleties of the imagery and the ideas expressed. * Assess how it is said, considering how the word choice, the ordering of ideas, sentence structure, etc. contribute to the meaning of the passage. * Explain what it means, tying your analysis of the passage back to the significance of the text as a whole. 5. Repeat the process of context, quotation and analysis with additional support for your thesis or topic sentence. SAMPLE ANALYSIS PARAGRAPHS FROM JAMES MCBRIDE’S  THE COLOR OF WATER An important difference between J ames and his mother is their method of dealing with the pain they experience. While James turns inward, his mother Ruth turns outward, starting a new relationship, moving to a different place, keeping herself busy.Ruth herself describes that, even as a young girl, she had an urge to run, to feel the freedom and the movement of her legs pumping as fast as they can (42). As an adult, Ruth still feels the urge to run. Following her second husband’s death, James points out that, â€Å"while she weebled and wobbled and leaned, she did not fall. She responded with speed and motion. She would not stop moving† (163). As she biked, walked, rode the bus all over the city, â€Å"she kept moving as if her life depended on it, which in some ways it did.She ran, as she had done most of her life, but this time she was running for her own sanity† (164). Ruth’s motion is a pattern of responding to the tragedy in her life. As a girl, she did not sit and think about her abu sive father and her trapped life in the Suffolk store. Instead she just left home, moved on, tried something different. She did not analyze the connections between pain and understanding, between action and response, even though she seems to understand them. As an adult, she continues this pattern, although her running is modified by her responsibilities to her children and home.The image of running that McBride uses here and elsewhere supports his understanding of his mother as someone who does not stop and consider what is happening in her life yet is able to move ahead. Movement provides the solution, although a temporary one, and preserves her sanity. Discrete moments of action preserve her sense of her own strength and offer her new alternatives for the future. Even McBride’s sentence structure in the paragraph about his mother’s running supports the effectiveness of her spurts of action without reflection.Although varying in length, each of the last seven sentenc es of the paragraph begins with the subject â€Å"She† and an active verb such as â€Å"rode,† â€Å"walked,† â€Å"took,† â€Å"grasp† and â€Å"ran. † The section is choppy, repetitive and yet clear, as if to reinforce Ruth’s unconscious insistence on movement as a means of coping with the difficulties of her life. FROM TONI MORRISON’S  THE BLUEST EYE #1 The negative effect the environment can have on the individual is shown in Morrison’s comparison of marigolds in the ground to people in the environment.Early in the novel, Claudia and Frieda are concerned that the marigold seeds they planted that spring never sprouted. At the end of the novel, Claudia reflects on the connection to Pecola’s failure: I talk about how I did not plant the seeds too deeply, how it was the fault of the earth, our land, our town. I even think now that the land of the entire country was hostile to marigolds that year. This soil is ba d for certain kinds of flowers. Certain seeds it will not nurture, certain fruit it will not bear, and when the land kills of its own volition, we acquiesce and say the victim had no right to live. 206) Morrison obviously views the environment as a powerful influence on the individual when she suggests that the earth itself is hostile to the growth of the marigold seeds. In a similar way, people cannot thrive in a hostile environment. Pecola Breedlove is a seed planted in the hostile environment, and, when she is not nurtured in any way, she cannot thrive. #2 One effect of the belief that white skin, blonde hair and blue eyes are the most beautiful is evident in the characters who admire white film stars.Morrison shows an example of the destructive effect of this beauty standard on the character Pecola. When Pecola lives with Claudia and Frieda, the two sisters try to please their guest by giving her milk in a Shirley Temple mug. Claudia recalls, â€Å"She was a long time with the milk, and gazed fondly at the silhouette of Shirley Temple’s face† (19). This picture of two young African-American girls admiring the beauty of a white American film star is impossible for Claudia to comprehend. Another character who admires white beauty is Maureen Peale.As Pecola and the girls walk past a movie theater on their way home with Maureen, Maureen asks if the others â€Å"just love† Betty Grable, who smiles from a movie poster. When she later tells the others she is cute and they are ugly, Maureen reveals her belief that she is superior because she looks more like a Betty Grable image than the blacker girls do. Pecola’s and Maureen’s fascination with popular images is preceded by Pauline’s own belief in the possibility of movie images. She describes doing her hair like Jean Harlow’s and eating candy at a movie.Rather than being transported into the romantic heaven of Hollywood, she loses a tooth and ends in despair.  "Everything went then. Look like I just didn’t care no more after that. I let my hair go back, plaited it up, and settled down to just being ugly† (123). Admiring beauty in another is one thing; transferring a sense of self-hatred when a person doesn’t measure is another. At that point, the power of white beauty standards becomes very destructive. TSITSI DANGAREMBGA’S  NERVOUS CONDITIONS Although Tambu recognizes the injustices she and Nyasha endure as females, she hesitates to act on her suspicion because of fear.First of all, she is afraid that she might not recognize and feel comfortable with herself in a critical role. She hesitates to pursue her critique, noting to herself, â€Å"I was beginning to suspect that I was not the person I was expected to be, and took it as evidence that somewhere I had taken a wrong turning† (116). Using other people’s perceptions rather than her own, she judges her thoughts to be wrong. Although she senses that her behavior as the â€Å"grateful poor female relative† was insincere, she admitted it felt more comfortable. It mapped clearly the ways I could or could not go, and by keeping within those boundaries I was able to avoid the mazes of self-confrontation† (116). While she is somewhat embarrassed that she lacks the intensity she had when fighting against Nhamo and her father over the maize, she is reluctant to lose Babamakuru’s protection and fears experiencing the same kind of trauma Nyasha does in her struggle. Although she says she feels â€Å"wise to be preserving [her] energy, unlike [her] cousin, who was burning herself out,† she reveals that she fears losing a familiar sense of herself in order to battle injustices.

Benefits Provided By Digital Marketing For Entrepreneurs

Benefits Provided By Digital Marketing For Entrepreneurs There are way many conspicuous benefits being provided by digital marketing for both entrepreneurs and barons from any type of company all over Australia. According to statistics, almost 30% of the marketing budget is channeled to digital marketing and 50% of the data we receive as targeted audiences are from the internet. This leads to a profit of about 35% from digital marketing. These statistics show that digital marketing is so much cost effective and budget friendly in return. Away from these, there are the key contributing aspects that have aided the rise of digital marketing in Australia. Redesigning and refurbishment of the Mobile advertising This sounds odd at first since many people dislike mobile advertising from the first mention. This is because it is disruptive when browsing on the internet and something irrelevant for your preferences pops up on the screen. Marketers have found a new way of approaching this. They do this by embedding adds in a more reasonable, tidy, enticing but friendly way. This has geared the rise of digital marketing in Australia by a tonne. The Content Marketing Idea This is based on the long-term relationship with the customers who at first are randomly selected regardless of whether they are targeted or not. After some time, the unwanted customers will be sieved off due to their lack of interest. Since it is done online, the marketers will follow up their clients closely with more adds. The output for this kind of marketing has really proved to be immense. The Gigantic Facebook Platform Of all the social media platforms, Facebook has really taken a wave. The incorporation of video clips on this site has given a boost to the rise of digital marketing in Australia. Marketers have really given this opportunity to mega investments. It is through this that many Facebook users are able to access marketed products by only logging into their accounts. This is attributed to the fact that the human mind is easily swayed away by videos rather than static pictures. Online Shopping We all live in an era where we opt not to spend the time to go out shopping. Instead, we do this online. Many trading companies have collaborated mutually with online shopping sites to serve their customers with products and advertisements. The rise of digital marketing in Australia has not yet been experienced since every day, we wait for yet another revolution that will drive it further ahead.

Noble Energy, Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Noble Energy, Inc - Research Paper Example Global oil and gas industry includes global presence of extraction, refining, exploration, marketing and transporting the oil and gas products. The largest volume manufactured and distributed products of the industry are gasoline and fuel oil. Petroleum is also used as the raw material for several chemical products, such as solvents, pesticides, plastics, fertilizers and pharmaceuticals. The global oil and gas exploration and production industry is divided into three major parts, such as downstream, midstream and upstream. Midstream operations are generally considered under the downstream category. Description of the Industry Oil and gas energy sources are very much important for several industries. Oil and gas energy resources are considered as the large global energy resources. Middle East is the largest consumer of oil and gas energy resources across the globe. This global region consumes almost 53% of total energy sources. On the other hand, Asia and Europe ranks last in ter4ms o f consumption of oil and gas energy resources. The consumption rate of oil and gas energy of Middle East is higher comparing to other global regions due to several reasons. First of all, the leading number of oil reservoirs is located in the Middle East countries. These countries can consume the oil and gas products in low price range comparing to other global countries. In addition to this, Middle East oil and gas extraction organizations act as cartel regarding pricing and distributing the crude oil to the global market. Strong oil process control is the major reason behind the economic growth of several Middle East countries. Central and South America consumes 44%, North America consumes 40%, Africa consumes 41%, and Europe and Asia consumes 32% of total extracted and produced oil. The world consumes approximately 30 billion barrels on yearly basis (Li 22). The economically developed nations are the largest consumers of oil. In the year 2007, The United State consumed 25% of tota l produced oil which is impressive oil consumption figure. Recent financial crisis and global economic recession affected the global economic environment. People are trying to reduce the consumption level of expensive products due to their low disposable income and limited purchasing power. Especially, the people of middle class income level are trying to find substitute energy resources of oil and gas due to hike in oil and gas price (Shelley 27). Apart from economic issues, the global oil and gas exploration and production industry is suffering from several global political issues. Several under developed and developing countries have to pay high petroleum tax to the oil and gas producing countries in order to improve the crude oil. High tension and critical political conflicts between several countries are affecting the growth of this global oil and gas exploration and production industry. In addition to these, several countries have developed strict regulations regarding the ext raction of oil and gas. Extraction of oil and gas from oil mine requires the uses of several deadly chemicals. It can affect the global ecological balance. Looking into this issue, the government of several countries developed strict rules and regulations regarding the extraction of oil. It is expected that the number of total oil reservoirs and mines

Gender and Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Gender and Language - Essay Example 1950’s television programs were ripe with examples of sexist language. The ‘boob tube’ as it was called then simply reflected life and language as it was at that seemingly archaic time. Women were second class citizens as was illustrated by the casual use of the words ‘dame,’ and ‘broad’ on television. Examples of sexist language can be found in any program at that time. In the Honeymooners, Ralph Cramden was the ‘king of the castle,’ and ‘wore the pants’ in his family (of two). Supper had better be on the table as he arrived home and if Alice got out of line he threatened to ‘send her to the moon’ meaning to hit her in the face as hard as the 300+ pound man could. That was the ‘50’s but this type of sexism in language persists even today. Sexist language can be deliberate, concealed or controlled. The deliberate use of obvious and overtly derogatory sexist terminology is generally considered discriminatory and is patently unfair treatment of women as compared to men. The intention of concealed sexism is also deliberate and discriminatory but the delivery is of a covert nature. â€Å"Subtle sexism is particularly interesting from both theoretical and practical perspectives because it may be quite prevalent, and may have an insidious impact on its victims† (Benokraitis & Feagin, 1999). In Sexism as it exists in language is a controlled manner of speaking that perpetuates gender stereotypes and reinforces status disparities between men and women (Parks & Robertson, 1998). Those less sensitive to sexism as a whole tend not to define the demeaning terms they use as sexist language. These people are of the opinion that sexist language does not exist or are either consciously or subconsciously trying to safeguard tra ditional patriarchal social hierarchies. Those persons more receptive to sexism and the harm it causes do attempt to adjust their speech patterns so as

Cloud Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Cloud Computing - Essay Example Given the close linkages between financial services firms and cutting edge technology, it makes for eminent business sense to remain on top of the â€Å"convergence† that is happening between IT and financial services. Cloud computing is altering the way business is done and the way business services are provided by bringing about a paradigm shift in the way excess computing power and storage space can be used. Cloud Computing works by aggregating the computing power of individual computers and then centralizing the same so as to derive maximum advantage for the users. Since UVW does not have to invest in additional capacity whenever it takes on more users, we stand to gain from the double benefit of efficiencies from economies of scale and cost savings because of outsourcing our requirements to providers of cloud computing services. For UVW to remain competitive in the financial services market, we need to embrace next generation IT services like what other global financial conglomerates like Goldman Sachs are doing by renting out cloud providers to host their data and provide them computing power. The use of offshore datacenters by these financial services firms has helped them to cut their IT costs significantly. In the context of the financial services firms undergoing an era of rapid change in the way they do business, it is necessary for UVW to embrace innovation and be at the forefront of emerging technologies. By embracing cloud computing in its business, UVW can thus remain competitive as well as ride the wave of change that is sweeping the financial services

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Research Paper Example However, as the industry grew the early manufacturers could not keep pace with the technology that advanced in so many directions all at the same time. Vertical integration in the industry became difficult as there were too many technologies and manufacturing intricacies. As a result specialist companies emerged that mass-produced specialized components and supply it to several computer manufacturers. This form of outsourcing worked cheaper for computer manufacturers and many such as IBM, Sony, HP and Compaq abandoned the vertical integration model. They preferred to concentrate on efficient assembly and marketing their own brand computers instead of developing and R&D base and investing in it. Dell, however, preferred to continue with the shorter-value chain model by selling directly to customers, avoiding the intermediary commissions and costs associated with distribution through independent retailers. Gradually, companies such as HP even started outsourcing the assembly to contrac tors, while focusing on product design and marketing. All the vendors tried to minimize the amount of finished goods in dealer inventories and shorten the time it took to replenish dealer stocks. Dell stuck to its own business model of Built-to-Order (BOT). Dell’s supply chain efficiency had eroded between 2003 and 2006 when it peaked at five days on inventory supply. They found it difficult to get cooperation from other organizations and bureaucracy started prevailing within the organization. There was misalignment between its procurement and supply chain activities, and with its assembly line. Dell wanted to partner only with reputed suppliers rather than have 20 suppliers all supplying to all computers manufactures. They stuck to one or two suppliers and maintained long-term partnership with them. They however, brought down their inventory turn cycle from 32 days in 1995 to 7 days in 1998, and to four

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

None - Essay Example is a custom for the clergy in this mainstream to have special attires whose resemblance is that of their Master, Jesus Christ as well as serving as a sign of humility (Pastoor 331). These ought to be in long gowns besides a headpiece or veil that covers their entire heads signifying humility as per the Jesus’ mother (Pastoor 331). Based on Catholic traditions, women and men bear varied behaviors and tasks to play both in the church as well as in the entire society, hence each to dress differently. The nuns dressing marks the first implication of how their behavior and the roles they play vary from the men’s activities and manners, to second them in their duties. This is especially in the church whereby nuns participate only in undertaking lesser tasks like helping to give out communion but not conducting mass service. It is good or useful to identify a person from his or her physical appearance. For instance, Catholic Church leaders have different roles to play besides which when they are physically unique makes it easy for their followers to know well where to seek assistance. Greek Orthodox monks and the Amish use dress for similar purposes. Describe the dress of each group and how it fits into their lives. Do you see any important differences in terms of appearance and/or social function? The women ought to wear long dresses besides covering their heads with shawl when going to the monastery as a sign of respect to the holiness of the place (Boase 94). The monks mostly dress in black colored cassock referred to as Raso that has remained unchanged since Byzantium period up to date (Boase 94). In most cases, Amish wear homemade clothes sewn by the women. Their clothing styles motivate humbleness as well as separation from the world turning them being comprehensive peacekeepers and discouraging conflict for whatever reason. They have a simple way of dressing in which they avoid ornamentation. Men dress in straight cut suits in which their coats have no

EVM and Project Procurement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EVM and Project Procurement - Research Paper Example This management system provides trends of cost, value and risk. EVM uses a uniform unit of measure of project performance which may either be dollars or work hours but for different tasks it may require different measure of performance. Functional Difference Procurement is often required in every project; therefore procurement management is a crucial step in the execution of a project plan. Procurement means the use of external vendors and service providers for a particular facility. Procurement management itself involves extensive planning. Procurement process can be broken down into various steps which are widely used in the following order: Planning and requirement, requisition, vendor selection, contract administration, delivery and contract closure. Procurement process starts with the analysis of the goods and services required for the execution of a project. The management has to take a make or buy decision which ultimately decides whether there is a need for outsourcing or not . This is done through cost benefit analysis. For example leasing a piece of equipment costs $800/day and making it costs $12000; in this case the use of that equipment in terms of time would allow the management to compare the two costs and ultimately allow them to take an informed decision. Difference in Cost Variance and Measurement In order for the successful completion of a project the management needs to answer certain questions repeatedly. These questions are mostly related to cost variance, risks, over or under expenditure, schedule and project performance in terms of value, cost and schedule. In a research study has proven the link between project success and earned value management. The study treats the principles of EVM and project procurement as two different variables. The third variable is the project success itself. The results of their study and surveys supported their hypothesis with exception which is â€Å"There will be no significant difference between fixed-pri ce and cost-plus contracts on the use of EVM’s performance metrics during contract administration† (Marshall, 2007). Fixed-price contracts and cost plus contracts are two prevalent contract types which are undertaken during the contract administration step of procurement management. So the study has proven that contract type does not significantly affect the performance metrics of EVM. Earned value minus actual cost gives the cost variance and earned value minus planned value gives the schedule variance in earned value management. These variances are dependent upon the accuracy of estimates, time required for the project and life-cycle phase. All of these factors may fall under the category of procurement process so procurement management may affect the performance metrics of earned value management. Procurement involves market knowledge on the basis of which estimates are driven. So if for example the management provides unreliable estimates then it would greatly affec t the EVM measures such as planned costs. Secondly the length of the procurement project and total approved budget effect the capacity of EVM to accurately predict the trends of cost and

Summry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Summry - Essay Example The first article to be considered in this review is â€Å"Apple Mac Computers Hit in Hacker Attack, Researcher Says†; written by Jordan Robertson and has been sourced from Bloomberg where it featured on 5 April 2012. According to this article, a recent research has shown that over 6 Million users of Mac computers had reportedly fallen victim to hacker attacks; this is an indication that Apple Inc, a company that had been predominantly untargeted by hackers, had now become a prime target. The article further relates that, according to a Russian antivirus software maker Doctor Web, the hacking attack predominantly targets computers using Apple’s Mac OS X software as opposed to windows systems. The research makes it apparent that most of the attacks occurred in the US and Canada, and the company had successively sealed off a security hole that had been a passageway for the virus. In addition to that, the research determined that the malware in question, specifically meant for Mac computers, capitalized on a weakness in a version of Oracle Corp’s Java software that functions as a plug-in on web browsers. The research also rebuffs traditional claims that Mac computers cannot be hacked, by pointing out the shift in hacker activities from computers that use Microsoft’s windows operating systems to those using Apple’s Mac OS X. ... Initially, Apple Inc has been an underdog in the computer operation systems business, and as such, it has been largely ignored by hackers due to its constrained market share. However, in the recent past, Apple Inc has risen above competition in this sector to rival industry giants like Microsoft Corp. In this respect, Apple Inc has taken a strategic position in the industry by increasing its market share considerably, that it has now attracted hacker activities. Conversely, industry giants like Microsoft Corp have traditionally been a haven for hackers and hacker activities due to their large market share; it is estimated that about 90% of the world’s desktop computers use the Microsoft Corps’s windows OS and this means that it has the largest numbers of victims. Numbers are very significant to the hackers because then they are able to transfer the malware to a large proportion of victims in a single attack; this highly promotes the hackers’ illicit money making schemes. The research establishes that Apple’s spokesman Bill Evans has declined to comment on the recent attacks, perhaps due to the implications of the incidence to the future strategic direction of the company. The sudden realization that the company was not hacker resistant anymore could potentially ruin the company’s prospects in the future because then it has lost one of its competitive advantages in the industry. It is understood that computers that use Apple Inc’s Mac OS X operating systems are equally vulnerable to hackers, just like the computers operating on Microsoft Corp’s windows operating system. The second article â€Å"Exclusive: Hacked companies still not telling investors† is by Joseph Menn, and

Classroom - debate Essay Example for Free

Classroom debate Essay What methods can teachers / trainers use to establish ground rules with their learners? I currently teach in a â€Å"Category C, Male Populated Prison† and I am employed in education to deliver a broad spectrum of hospitality qualifications to class of 10 learners. In turn I have an obligation to mentor to a minimum of 25 guided learning hours per week, to include numeracy, literacy, and ICT. Therefore it is essential for me that establishing ground rules are fundamental for ensuring classroom management in any learning environment; understanding the needs and views of those contributing, will have a greater appreciation from the group. Atherton, J. S (2005) defines ground rules as† The minimum necessary conditions for getting learning work done in the class. † By setting boundaries for learners, they will help to create a safe and relaxed environment that will ultimately promote transparency, underpin behaviour and mutual respect for each other. Three distinct options could be utilised; * The teacher who can take a very autocratic attitude and dictate the required behaviour expected. * The learners set the agenda, with little guidance, giving limited structure to the classroom. * Open and honest discussion between the teacher and the learners to allow individuals to highlight what they feel is important to the group. This leads towards everyone living with group decisions and refraining from articulating their own personal reservations outside that group. There are several ways of establishing ground rules through consensual agreement and negotiation: Small group method; Breaking the group into smaller units to think about a limited number of suggestions that they feel are important to them. Go around the room to discuss these ideas, while also trying to elicit an understanding behind their submissions. Ensure that the group is happy about their input, but make certain that any missed and basic rules are incorporated Allow the group to openly discuss the suggestions and allow them to debate the value and worth to the classroom. The group can then vote to stipulate what rules the class should adhere too. By recording the rules, you will have a reference point for the class to focus should individuals fail to abide. Periodic revisiting and re-evaluation will highlight any deviation from those â€Å"Ground Rules† Ground rule poster; There can be issues regarding the level of understanding from a group who may have poor literacy standard. A Ground Rule Poster may be more applicable in these circumstances; a pictorial significance can have the same emphasis as a written statement. The Acronym method; Utilise the ground rules to invent a short inventive statement: AAchieve goal LLearner participation EElicit perfection XXcel Brookfield Preskill’s method Ask the students to think about the best group discussions, they have been involved in. What happened that made these discussions so satisfying? Next, ask the students to think about the worst group discussion in which they have been involved. What happened that made these discussions so unsatisfactory? For each of the characteristics, have the students suggest three things that the group might do to ensure that these characteristics are present or not present as the case may be. Use the students’ suggestions to draft a set of ground rules on which you all agree. Record the guidelines. Copy the list and bring it to section the following week. This way all students have copies that they can refer to over the semester. Periodically, have the class take a moment to evaluate whether the guidelines established at the beginning of the semester are being followed, and whether they work. The kind of behaviour and respect you would aim to achieve by negotiating and establishing the ground rules with the learners will ultimately define and underpin the success of the learning experience. Tutor name: Sally Welsh Word count: 633 Ashley Robson Bibliography Adapted from Brookfield, S. and Preskill, S. (1999). Discussion as a Way of Teaching: Tools and Techniques for Democratic Classrooms. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Atherton, J. S (2005) defines ground rules as† The minimum necessary conditions for getting learning work done in the class. †

The Sons Veto Essay Example for Free

The Sons Veto Essay The Son’s Veto is a short novel written by Thomas Hardy. The three protagonists in the story are Sophy, Sam and Randolph. Sophy is from a lower class background however marries a clergyman. Mr Twycott commits social suicide when he marries Sophy, so they move away from North Wessex to London where no one knows about Sophy’s past. Thomas Hardy generates sympathy for Sophy here because she has moved away from her home town and is separated from her family and friends. Also she moves away from her husband to be Sam. Whilst Mr Twycott is alive, Sophy is reasonally content with her lifestyle yet still isn’t quite adjusted to a ‘lady’ life. We see this when her son Randolph corrects her grammar. ‘Surely you know by this time’. When Randolph belittles his mother we feel sympathy for Sophy as this is an unnatural mother and son relationship. ‘His mother hastily adopted the correction, and did not resent his making it..’. Thomas Hardy makes Sophy seem very unconfident and timid towards her own flesh and blood, which makes us feel sympathy for her. Also, Sophy is mostly in a wheel chair due to her ankle injury whist in Wessex. She is unable to walk and on the occasions she does she finds it a struggle. As readers we sympathise with her here because not only is she trapped and out of place in London, she is also trapped in her own home because she cannot walk. Her son Randolph is her aid to getting around and without him she is stuck. Thomas Hardy makes us pity Sophy because she is very vulnerable to her son because he holds the power. Thomas Hardy generally makes us feel sympathy with Sophy because she did not marry her husband out of love, she married him out of respect. ‘Even if she had wished to get away from him she hardly dared refuse a personage’ When her husband dies, Sophy starts to reflect on her former life in the ‘native’ village in North Wessex. During the time period, women were not very well respected so Sophy cannot go to her own husband’s funeral. After a while of not sleeping and reminiscing of her life in Gaymead, it is when she is glancing out the window where she sees the former gardener of Gaymead, Sam. She realises that she misses the way she used to live but she is ‘trapped’ because of Randolph who is a ‘gentlemen.’ So far in the parts we have read, Thomas Hardy generates sympathy for Sophy Twycott by constantly reminding us of her former past and how it would be very hard to go back because of her son.

Planning Theory in City Development

Planning Theory in City Development Abstract This paper examines the theories of rational planning, incremental planning, and planning as a political process. It compares these three influences of planning specifically to town planning. Furthermore, the importance of rational planning, incremental planning, and planning as a political process will be highlighted in the examination of a case study of the ADA Light Rail Planning Project. Conclusions will be made as to the role these theories, in combination with politics, play in city planning. Introduction Theory is a foundational part of knowledge because it describes how a particular field has been established and has evolved over time. Theory has been defined as a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena (Wordnet, 2009). Based on this and other definitions, theory can be seen as a big umbrella that includes concepts, propositions, causes, explanations, definitions, and values. Theories have been presented in regards to planning. These theories have been offered for planners to use as references. They provide guidelines for ways in which to go about planning and are used by many planners including town planners. Each planner holds a different view on the planning theories which have already been presented, and adjustments or suggestions are always made to well-known theories. Arguments are constantly being made as to which theory is better, and what theory is best used for town planning. Every planning agency is different and may use different theories to back up their ways of doing business. Study Purpose In this study, the theories of rational planning, incremental planning, and planning as a political process will be presented, especially in regards to city planning. These theories will be compared to each other and their significance to the ADA Light Rail Planning Project will be examined. It will be argued that the Light Rail Planning Project was, initially, a rational planning process but took a turn to incremental planning with the influence of politicization. It will also be argued that rational planning and incremental planning are insufficient in themselves as methods to fully approach town planning as politicization plays a larger role. Results Rational Planning Theory Rational planning theory was first conceptualized as a specific form of planning in the Chicago School in the 1940s and 1950s. This was a program offered at the University of Chicago that came about after the Great Depression and WWII with the aim to better plan the economy. This program, which lasted only nine years, was enormously influential in setting the direction of planning theory. Rational planning was introduced to city planning in the 1960s. The incorporation into town planning came about due to a transition in thought: Town development was now regarded as a science rather than an art (Allmendinger, 2009). Despite its critics, rational planning has remained the most widely used planning theory for approximately 50 years. It remains a major foundation of planning school curricula, and has spawned the primary language planners use in methodological discussion (Baum, 1996; Dalton, 1986). Rational planning is a procedural theory that focuses on the process of planning rather than on an object or end goal (Faludi, 1973). According to Nigel Taylor, the author of Urban Planning Theory Since 1945, rational planning is the best method, or process, of doing planning, (1998, p. 66) He goes on to say that a rational decision is one that has persuasive reasoning (reasons can be persuasive if they are based on factual knowledge e.g., the knowledge has been gained based on a valid study). He argues that not every reason is persuasive; however, rational planning is designed to produce reasons that are persuasive. Taylor presented the fact that reasons can sometimes be persuasive for one group and not another. If reasons are persuasive based on individual values or group values, they are not necessarily persuasive in terms of science or for an entire community. This draws the conclusion that rational planning does not provide straight-forward formulaic answers to any given questio n. However, the rational process of planning does try to achieve unbiased, persuasive reasoning for any given problem (Taylor, 1998). Since societies are made up of many people and all with different views, it is logical to think that decisions affecting large groups of people should be unbiased. Therefore, according to Karl Mannheim, a planner reflecting the ideals of social historian and economist Max Weber, planning should be objective (Allmendinger, 2009). This can be achieved by thinking rationally and focusing on the best method for reaching a decision. Rationalists are seen as those who have logical reasons for their views or decisions based on facts rather than emotions or values (ibid). It only makes sense that if decision-makers seek a rational decision they should follow a process that is rational. To successfully achieve rational planning, there are steps that must be followed (Taylor, 1998). First off, a problem must be defined. Second, there needs to be identification of alternative options to solve this problem. Third, there must be detailed evaluation of each alternative. The fourth step is to implement the best alternative, and the fifth step is to monitor the effects of the chosen alternative. Rational planning does not end with the fifth step. Rational planning takes into consideration new problems arising or the fact that the initial problem or goal was not actually reached with the pre-determined best alternative. Therefore, rational planning may loop back to any step at any time as it is a continuous process (ibid). Rational planning is systematic by nature. Just as rational planning does not have any criteria for concluding whether reasoning is persuasive or not in terms of the whole, the theory of rational planning is not perfect in regards to city planning. Rational planning was designed as a scientific way to approach planning (Faludi, 1973). The problem is that city planning is not a natural science. Town planning is a social problem; social issues are never solved but only resolved time and time again. There isnt an exact formula to answer the problems of town planning. Furthermore, social problems have no clear-cut indication of when adequate understanding has been reached since understanding for a social problem has no exact scientific criteria to be judged by. This indicates that town planners can always try to do better, as there is no clear-cut stopping point for any planning process (Rittel Webber, 1973, p.8). Rational vs. Disjointed-incrementalist Planning Charles Lindblom, a well-known critic of rational planning theory, disagrees with radical decision-making and believes that any decision made should be closely related to the policies that are currently in place. He proposed a theory of planning referred to as disjointed-incrementalism. Lindblom argues that disjointed-incremental planning is best for real-world situations (Allmendinger, 2009). He proposed some simple steps for incremental planning: Limit the analysis of alternatives to a few familiar options, focus on the problems rather than end-goals, and learn through trial and error (ibid). Lindblom wants to keep planning and implementation simple: An easy goal is established, and the alternatives considered are based on past experiences and values (Lindblom, 1959). Lindblom has one major criticism of rational planning. According to Lindblom, planning cannot be rational if it is not comprehensive, and planning cannot be comprehensive because planners lack the ability to fully absorb all information related to the process (Lindblom, 1959). At first, many may agree that if rational planning is not fully comprehensive then it cannot be rational. However, Nigel Taylor offers an example to argue differently. He depicts a story of a man with a gun at his head. This situation does not allow ample time to consider all options and therefore cannot be comprehensive. Yet, the man quickly goes over all options readily available to him and makes the best decision he can with that knowledge. Under the circumstances, that decision is still considered rational (1998). A rational decision can be made after considering all alternatives available to the planner at the time (Banfield Meyerson, 1955 cited by Allmendinger, 2009). What is learned from this is that a plan or a process can be rational without being comprehensive. Faludi (1973) also offers criticism of Lindbloms theory. He criticizes the fact that incrementalism only offers limited alternatives for any given issue. Faludi says that incrementalism goes against making rational choices that affect a large number of people such as a community. He also disapproves of the fact that Lindblom proposes to make plans that are satisfying to one group of people that have the most influence in the community whether or not they are the majority (ibid). Like rational planning, incrementalism still poses problems in relation to city planning. A key aspect to incrementalism is learning through trial and error. However, in town planning, there isnt an easy way to learn through trial-and-error. Its not easy to implement a highway and then take it out if it proves to be an insufficient response to the issue. Furthermore, if putting in a highway was the chosen alternative for an issue, and it did not resolve that issue, a new complication is created (Rittel Webber, 1973). Each and every public policy is unique in and of itself. It may be possible to take other towns and policies for example, but each problem will be different; therefore, each implementation will result in a different scenario. What works for one town may not work for another. It seems as if this trial-and-error suggestion does not entirely work for city planning; thus, the theory of incrementalism does not fully encompass all issues related to town planning. There is a link between rational planning and incremental planning. Faludi proposes that planning is usually somewhere between disjointed-incrementalist and rational-comprehensive. Planning agencies move more towards rational comprehensiveness but of course can never be fully comprehensive, only rational at best. Therefore the plan is somewhat still incremental and lies between the two extremes (Faludi, 1973). Like the man with a gun at his head, in some situations it is rational to quickly go over alternatives to any issue. At times, this may even be disjointed or incremental. Therefore, the suggestion that rational planning and incremental planning are completely different theories of planning is not entirely accurate. It is possible to have a combination of both theories in one plan (Taylor, 1998). Rational and Incremental Planning vs. Planning as a Political Process Thus far, city planning has been analyzed in comparison to the theories of rational planning and incrementalism. It seems these two theories lack a huge component for town planning: Politicization. However, city planning being considered political is not new (Taylor, 1998). The main problem with the rational planning theory in regards to town planning is the disregard in reference to politicization (ibid). Incrementalists acknowledge some of the roles politics play in city planning, but it seems as if their views are a little nave when it comes to the balance of power affecting this (Allmendinger, 2009). When it comes to town planning, decision-making is affected more by the power of politics rather than by rationality or even incrementalism. This is largely to do with the amount of people city planning affects and the different values or interests these people have. [S]ince town planning action can significantly affect the lives of large numbers of people, and since different individuals and groups may hold different views about how the environment should be planned, based on different values and interests, it is therefore also a political activity. The planning theorists in the 1960s who saw planning as a science therefore misconceived the very activity they were seeking to describe (Taylor, 1998, p. 83). It is not only the number of people affected but the power of certain groups and their political influence which plays into the decisions made, especially in city planning. Norton Long, an American planning theorist, words it quite well: The question is not whether planning will reflect politics but whose politics it will reflect. What values and whose values will planners seek to implement?[P]lans are in reality political programs. In the broadest sense they represent political philosophies, ways of implementing differing conceptions of the good life. (1959, p.168). Charles Hoch, an experienced author on the subject of planning theory, agrees with this. He says that the complexity of city planning is due to the social and environmental factors and is greatly determined by the players involved. Hoch says that the players motives always change, and that further complicates the politics of city planning (2009). In fact, public policy is hardly ever implemented due to planning authority alone; it relies on other actors to support the decision as well. Of course, these actors dont always hold the same position as the planners or policy-makers (Pressman Wildavsky, 1973 cited by Taylor, 1998). Therefore, the assumption can be made that social problems like city planning are political in nature, not scientific (Taylor, 1998). Rational planning and incremental planning are inadequate in themselves to successfully complete a town planning project all the way through implementation. They are hindered by political influence as well as ethical issues (Guba Lincoln, 1989 cited by Hostovsky, 2005). Using rational planning for public policy creates deceptive expectations for what knowledge is really required to turn those plans into action; it doesnt recognize politicization, the largest factor in implementation (Hoch, 2009). However, incrementalists hold belief in pluralism: The power of putting initiatives into motion does not necessarily come from the person in the highest ranking position but rather it is affected by groups who hold special interest and power (Merelman, 2004). They do acknowledge some of the roles politics play in planning. They realize that government doesnt necessarily mean those directly in position but rather government is a collection of groups that have their own special interests (Faludi, 1973). It seems as if incrementalism is a step closer to embracing the full scope of city planning than rational planning due to this acknowledgement. With politicization playing such a large role in town planning, theorists have suggested that planners stop being completely objective and become more involved with the entire process (Long, 1959). Planners should be technical in the formulation of plans, but should be advocates for the alternative deemed as the best option. City planning calls for debate of many social and political issues and should be kept in view of the public (Davidoff Reiner, 1962 cited by Taylor, 1998). Taylor says that in order for a plan to be effectively implemented, planners need to identify lead actors that play a role in the implementation and persuade them to fulfill the objectives of the planning authority (1998). It seems planners can no longer rest in the assurance that their plan was carefully carried out. They now have to worry about other contributing factors outside of planning to ensure implementation. Rational planners and decision-makers hope that their government will do what is in the best interest of the community (Faludi, 1973), but that is not always the case. In comparison, it seems that incrementalists realize their plans wont be implemented if they dont have the support of actors who have strong political power, so they gear their plans towards pleasing these players. They are not advocates for a plan they think is best, but rather they try to make their plans to please those in power. This leads to the issue of what political involvement should imply. In a society, especially a democratic one, something of political nature should imply the participation of the public (Taylor, 1998). It makes sense that those most affected by any town plan should have a say in the decision-making. Based on these three aspects of planning theory, it seems that city planning should aim to be somewhere between incremental and rational while considering input from the public and keeping their best interest in mind. Planning should be objective and unbiased but keep in mind the limitations that plans may face at the implementation phase in regards to politicization and special interest groups that hold lots of power (ibid). If a plan goes against the desires of those in power, planners should be advocates for what they think is best for the community while keeping in mind that they cant impose their ideas of what is right or wrong (ibid.). Planning Theory Applied to Case Study Alrriyadh Development Authority Project Background In the summer of 2002, a team was selected by the Transportation Planning Unit at Alrriyadh Development Authority (ADA) to work on a project to find the best solution to resolving the congestion problem in Riyadh (I was part of this team). The traffic congestion posed destruction of Riyadhs living system. Riyadh is the capital city of Saudi Arabia and has over 5 million residents. It doubles in size every ten years and is the fastest growing capital worldwide. It is forecasted there would be 15 million car trips a day by 2021 in Riyadh (City without Limits, 2002). After examining alternatives, which will be elaborated on below, the planning authority dubbed the project: Light Rail Planning Project. The following is an examination of the Light Rail Project in reference to rational and incremental planning as well as planning as a political process. The Planning Theory of the Light Rail Planning Project The ADA relies on rational planning for the majority of its projects. In reference to the Light Rail Planning Project, the ADA made sure the team was fully knowledgeable in rational planning. This was accomplished by bringing a professor of technical planning from Berkeley, California to give training workshops for five months. This allowed the members to be knowledgeable in rational planning in direct regards to city planning. It seems as if the ADA followed the rational process of planning in the first few steps of planning. They first identified the problem, which was the congestion of Saudi Arabias capital city, Riyadh. Following the identification of the problem, the team came up with alternatives to the problem. The alternatives considered were widening some main roads, creating an effective public transportation system with buses, and installing a light rail system. These are not all options that could have been considered, but they were pre-determined to be the best alternatives collectively. This form of rational planning is not comprehensive but still seems to be rational as it made use of the best available options available to them (Banfield Meyerson, 1955 cited by Allmendinger, 2009). This step also seems to be incremental as there were only a few alternatives chosen. However, the alternative for the light rail system was not closely related to the current system, and therefore seems to be bas ed on more rational thought than incremental as Lindblom (1959) would not suggest an alternative that required much deviation from the current system. In reference to these issues, it seems that this step was somewhere between rational and incremental as Faludi (1973) pointed out most plans are. The third step in the rational planning process is to evaluate alternatives against each other. To make sure this and the following steps were accurate, multiple resources were used including inviting an expert from GTZ, a big consultation company in Germany, to help with developing alternatives and analyzing them. The team was also sent to Berkeley, University of California to spend five months learning technical skills, information analysis and how to make alternative planning evaluations. Using the skills learned from Berkely and GTZ, alternatives were evaluated in detail. Planners went to the residents of Riyadh and asked if they would use the new alternatives. In fact, this is the first planning project in Riyadh that included input from women. This input was of major importance as the women in Riyadh make up the majority of the population. In regards to the light rail system, if women would not use it then it would surely fail. In the end, the women reported that they would use the light rail system if it was implemented. After many more studies and evaluation, the light rail system turned out to be the best alternative environmentally, socially, and economically. This showed the light rail system to be the best alternative by far as there were only those three categories to be weighed. In the evaluation step of ADAs traffic congestion project, it seems that the process of rational planning was completed. Then again, evaluating alternatives is also suggested as part of incremental planning, so this step shares a little of each theory. However, this phase proved to be more comprehensive than any other step. In considering each alternative, it seems that the ADA planners made every effort in evaluating every aspect. They even interviewed women, which had never before been done in Riyadh. On the other hand, this step did not take into consideration any political views that would influence the implementation of the chosen alternative. To be truly comprehensive, all views would have to be taken into consideration as part of fully understanding the issue. Nevertheless, planning theorists have constantly pointed out the rational planners lack of consideration towards politicization. Consequently, it seems that this step of planning was somewhere in between rational-compreh ensive and incremental. Strictly incremental planning would have acknowledged political actors in the implementation of the light rail system and probably would have not considered that option from the beginning. Hypothetically, if it had, it would have been eliminated after considering the desires of the groups in power of the city of Riyadh. Before the fourth step, implementation of the light rail system, was undertaken, the planning team was sent to various workshops with road authorities, engineers, and city planners from all over the world. They were taught operation management, maintenance, and how to run a light rail system in these workshops. They were also sent to a total of eight cities and spent two weeks in each city in order to evaluate their light rail systems. These cities were Stockholm, Sweden; Toronto, Canada; Tokyo, Japan; Los Angeles, California; New York City, New York; Paris, France; Berlin, Germany; and Sydney, Australia. Various observations were made in each city, such as Sweden had a very organized and well-planned light rail system, and Tokyo had amazing light rail management. All considerations were taken into account as they prepared the proposal to the CEO of ADA. They had plans to implement and follow through with evaluation afterwards. With all the planning and extensive research that went into the Alrriyadh Development Authoritys project of the light rail system, it is clear that a rational process of planning was being attempted. The team had planned to complete the five steps of rational planning from the beginning of the project. The first three steps were followed to the best of their abilities, although there is a combination of rational and incremental planning. The planning was objective due to the fact that it would affect a large group of people as suggested by Karl Mannheim (the planners even sought advice from women) (Taylor, 1998). It was procedural as Faludi (1973) says planning should be (following pre-determined steps for each phase of planning), and it produced persuasive reasons as they were based on a valid study as suggested by Nigel Taylor (experts allowed the team to conduct valid studies) (1998). When the team presented their findings to the CEO of ADA, he told them to stop the planning after already completing seven years of the process. He admitted to them that he was convinced that the light rail system was the best solution. However, he said there was something behind the scenes that played a part. The CEO proposed to widen some main roads, which he claimed was an incremental approach to planning. Widening the roads is a more incremental approach in this situation and seems to be less rational as the facts from the study were mostly ignored. This alternative also appears incremental as the CEO suggests there is influence behind the scenes that has contributed to his decision. There is the suggestion that politics influenced the CEOs ultimate decision to widen the road. Speculations can be made that the CEO was afraid to lose his job if the project failed at the cost of $9billion when the council of ministers were the ones allocating the money for the project. He may have been concerned that the council would disprove of his decision. There is also the assumption that the CEO was under pressure from the religious leaders in Riyadh who did not agree with mixing men and women, which would happen with the completion of the light rail system. Furthermore, it seems likely that the CEO was influenced by the oil companies as they would not want people to stop driving cars at the risk of oil prices dropping. All of these reasons involve powerful parties that hold political interest in public policy. These groups have tremendous influence in Riyadh, and it is speculated that their influence contributed to the incremental switch in planning during the Light Rail Planning Project. After the CEO made his decision to widen the roads, the team members became upset. They realized that there was political influence involved. They very strongly wanted the light rail system implemented as they worked seven years on rational planning to make sure it was the best alternative. At this point, some of the team members decided to take some action to persuade the CEO that implementing the light rail system would be the best alternative. They became advocates for their cause as some theorists suggest planners should do (Long, 1959). With some convincing, the CEO agreed to leave space for the light rail system and reconsider it in 2020. This step was much more incremental as it would give time to evaluate the effect of widening the roads on Riyadh. Furthermore, having already made the space to put the light rail system in, if the CEO agreed to implement it in 2020, it would not be too far from the current system. This step also proved to be political as the team members devia ted from their plan to speak out about their proposed resolution. They realized that simply presenting a rational plan would not necessarily grant them the resolution they prescribed. Here it seems that the rational planning led them to consider incremental planning after addressing the politicization of the issue. With this huge political influence, the issue of public participation arises. If a social issue is to be resolved, it would make sense for those affected by this matter to play a part in the decision-making. In the case of the Light Rail Planning Project, city members did contribute to the study. They reported that they would be happy with the light rail system and would make use of it. However, their opinions were disregarded by the CEO as he was concerned with something other than the majority of the public. As Sherry Arnstein wrote in an article, participation without redistribution of power is an empty and frustrating process for the powerless. It allows the power-holders to claim that all sides were considered, but makes it possible for only some of those sides to benefit, (1969, p. 216). With the decision to widen the roads, it is not completely clear who benefitted most, although there are the possibilities of the oil companies, the religious leaders, and the CEO himself. Mayb e these parties did not necessarily benefit from the widening of the roads, but they likely didnt lose anything as the implementation of the light rail system implies they would have. The planners tried to come up with an alternative that would best solve the traffic congestion in Riyadh and benefit the public, but they were unable to complete their process as they did not anticipate the power of politics in their planning. The powerless that Arnstein refers to in her article seem to be the planners as well as the majority of residents in Riyadh in this particular plan. Despite majority input and studies that showed the light rail system was the best solution environmentally, economically and socially, it was not implemented. However, when the planners finally became advocates for their cause and appealed to the nature of politics while abandoning simple rational planning, they seemed to make some progress. This shows how seemingly ineffective rational planning theory is singularly in regards to city planning. It appears that rational planning would only be effective in regards to public policy if it acquired use of other theories as well as politicization. Lessons Learned In examining this case study, it appears that plans are often made but the deciders dont necessarily take actions that reflect those proposed by the plan (Taylor, 1998). Rationalists cannot assume that their plans will be implemented if they have not put thought into the support from other key players; implementation of town plans often requires the support and cooperation from a group that holds power in the community. Plans can be aborted or changed if there is no support from those who hold political power (ibid.). Incrementalists have a better understanding of town planning. The proposals of incrementalism suggest better application for real-world situations as they acknowledge the troubles faced during implementation. More specifically, incrementalists recognize that certain groups hold political interest in city planning, and they do not ignore this (ibid). Based on this case study and professional planning theorists knowledge, a connection between rational planning, incrementa l planning, and politics as a process of planning is seen in city planning. Conclusion From the examination of rational planning, incremental planning, and planning as a political process, the Light Rail Planning Project was able to be analyzed against these theories. Multiple planning theorists have suggested that rational and incremental planning are not completely separate theories. They suggest that the theories often intertwine in town planning. As seen from the case study of the ADA Light Rail Planning Project, it seems these theorists were correct. City planning is a complicated process as it is based around social issues rather than completely scientific ones. To claim that a planning process must be either completely incremental or rational does not seem to be accurate against these findings. Furthermore, in ignoring the role of politicization in town planning, it will likely lead to the unsuccessful implementation of plans. As planning theorists and this case study propose, politics play a major role in city planning. The conclusion can be made that town plan ning encompasses many planning theories, and politics have an important part to play in the completion of any town plan regardless of the planning process. References: Allmendinger, P. ( 2009). Planning Theory. Palgrave Macmillan. Arns

Caring for Children :: Anne Bradstreet

â€Å"No cost nor labour did I spare† is a phrase every mother lives by. It shows that a mother loves her children so much that she will give anything up just so her children can reach success in life. The way this is written suggests that there was no thought involved in making this decision, the mother did not even think about it for a second, she knew immediately that she would not spare any cost or labor for her child. Anne Bradstreet is the author who wrote this, suggesting that the most important thing in her entire life is her kid’s success in life. In the poem â€Å"In Reference to Her Children,† author Anne Bradstreet demonstrates her love for her children by raising her children with pain and care, watching concernedly her children grow up, and wanting to be with them in the afterlife. Anne Bradstreet loves her children so much because she raised them all with pain and care. Bradstreet often talks about her children loving people, and people loving them, â€Å"And with her mate flew out of sight† (14) and out of her reach so she can not watch over them. Bradstreet’s strong Puritan heritage gives her unquestionable belief that God is watching over her children for her, and her children are watching for God. With this relationship between her and God, Anne Bradstreet accepts the departure of her children. In this poem Anne Bradstreet talks about success, â€Å"Coupled with mate loving and true† (23) this is Bradstreet’s idea of success for her children in this poem. Anne Bradstreet’s idea of success is so much more than just this line, in the fact that she wants her children to be educated, and live good productive Christian lives. All of these things are implied in the poem as simple as finding a mate and â€Å"flying† off. A devoted mother, Anne Bradstreet is concerned with her children as she watches them grow up. â€Å"Or lest by Lime-twigs they be foil'd, or by some greedy hawks be spoil'd† Anne Bradstreet uses to describe her fear for her children. Not wanting to see her children suffer, Anne Bradstreet turns to God to help her children. Bradstreet imagines her bird’s being stuck on a branch and a hawk eating them, a grim image of all of her sacrifice being lost in a single moment. â€Å"No cost nor labour did I spare† describes how much Anne loves her children.

Animal Farm Compared To The Russian Revolution :: compare contrast

Education is not as prominent in the book as during the Russian Revolution. In the book, education is mentioned when Snowball finds old spelling books, once belonging to Mr. Jones. He begins to teach himself, followed by the other pigs, and finally he helps the other animals to read and write. Some of the not so intelligent animals find this quite taxing, whereas the pigs– being the most intelligent, learn the fastest. Snowball is the most interested in educating the animals, and the well being of the other animals on the farm. Just as Trotsky was intent in educating the Russian people, and their well being during the Revolution. â€Å"Napoleon took no interest in Snowball’s committees. He said that education of the young was more important than anything that could be done for those who were already grown up.† This shows Snowball’s commitment to the animals compared to the uninterested Napoleon. In the book Napoleon began his leadership role quite well, with his ideas being fair and with a positive meaning. As the story continues he becomes more corrupt, and his ideas turn into a dictatorship. â€Å"Napoleon lead the animals back to the store-shed and served out a double portion of corn to everyone, with two biscuits for each dog.† As time went on his true nature, of a power crazy character begins to surface, he becomes more selfish and the principle idea of equality no longer exists. The farm is run on terror, and no animal dare speak out against him, for fear of death. â€Å"The news leaked out that every pig was receiving a ration of a pint of bear daily, with half a gallon for Napoleon.† Just as during the revolution, when at first Stalin was fair and just but as he was given power he turns into a corrupt man with dictatorship qualities. He became more selfish and sinister. When securing his power base he engineered the permanent exile of Trotsky. This compares to the book, when Napoleon and his ‘nine sturdy puppies’ chased Snowball out of the farm. Napoleon then proceeds to portray his true nature of an assassin. Snowball is the other main leader in animalism, along side Napoleon. He was the one who was most interested in the well being of the animals and their education. The complete opposite of Napoleon. I fell if he had not been chased away (assassinated) then the idea of communism may have succeeded.

Macbeth: Appearance vs Reality :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth: Appearance vs Reality The way people act on the outside and who they really are on the inside may be two totally different things. Some may change because they feel they don't fit in. Others pretend to be something they truly aren't. No matter which way you look at it, if you try to act like someone your not, the truth will always appear in the end. That is exactly what happened in William Shakespeare's play, MacBeth. Banquo, MacBeth, and Lady MacBeth each project an image, but as time passes. The realities of their true personalities begin to emerge. As an honorable man, Banqou tends to hold back his true feelings in order not to offend others around him. At one point in the play, Banqou and MacBeth find themselves in the presence of three weird sisters who make three absurd predictions. MacBeth leans toward believing them while Banqou says, "And oftentimes, to win us to do our harm, the instruments of darkness tells us truths, win us with honest trifles, to betray's in deepest consequence". (Act I, Scene 3) A thoughtful yet skeptical Banquo speaks his words here very carefully to MacBeth in order to remain honorable. He doesn't want to come right out and tell MacBeth to be cautious in his actions, so he tries to soften his words so that MacBeth might contemplate his future movements. However, MacBeth does not take heed of Banquo's warnings. Because of the witch's predictions and his impatience, MacBeth kills in order to get what he expects is coming to him. When Banquo takes time to contemplate what has been going on, he turns his thoughts to MacBeth. He expresses his feelings about the situation in Act II, Scene 1. Banqou feels that MacBeth might have something to do with the murders, but he never stands up for his thoughts or listens to his conscience until MacBeth comes to him one day. When MacBeth asks to talk privately to Banquo, Banquo states; " So I lose none in seeking to augment it, but still keep my bosom franchised and allegiances clear, I shall be counseled." (Act III, Scene 1) Banquo means that he will talk to MacBeth, just as long as MacBeth knows that he is loyal to the King. This is the only time that Banquo sets his foot down against others to stand up for his morals. Just like Banquo, MacBeth's appearance differs from his true self. MacBeth portrays himself to be strong and wise, but inside he is truly weak. When he first faces the witch's predictions, he says; " Come what come may, time

Trade Secrets

Case study LG Display workers charged with stealing Samsung OLED  secrets Executive summary This report is related to confidentiality argument for the protection of trade secrets. The report investigates the conflict between Samsung and LG. Samsung claims that LG stole its display technology and blame its own Samsung employees. Samsung accused eleven people, including six of its own employees of stealing its trade secrets and it claims that LG has stole its display technology. IntroductionTrade secrets are any confidential business information which provides an enterprise a competitive edge. Trade secrets can be manufacturing or industrial secrets and commercial secrets. It can be in form of ingredients/chemical composition of a product or the details of a manufacturing process. Trade secrets are the information that is kept secret by the companies to give them an advantage over their competitors. History and background Samsung Group is a  South Korean  multinational   compan y.It was founded by  Lee Byung-chull  in 1938 as a trading company. Its headquarter is in Samsung Town,  Seoul Korea. It comprises numerous subsidiaries and affiliated businesses, most of them united under the  Samsung  brand, and are the largest South Korean  company. It is worldwide famous brand. According to the founder of Samsung Group, the meaning of the  word  Samsung is â€Å"tristar† or â€Å"three stars†. The word â€Å"three† represents something â€Å"big, numerous and powerful†; the â€Å"stars† mean  eternity. Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late 1960s. You can read also Thin Film Solar CellIn 1938,  Lee Byung-chull  who belongs to large landowning family founded  Samsung Sanghoe, a small trading company with forty employees located in Su-dong. It dealt in groceries produced in and around the city and produced its own noodles. After that Lee started sugar refinery and woolen mill. It was the largest ever in the country and the company took on the aspect of a major company. In 1948, the Hyosung group’s founder joined Samsung group and invested in a new company called Samsung Mulsan Gongsa or the Samsung Trading Corporation, ith the Samsung Group. The trading firm grew to become the present-day Samsung C&T Corporation. But after some years these two companies Samsung and Hyosung separated due to differences in management between them. In the late 1960s, Samsung Group entered into the electronics industry. It formed several electronics-related divisions, such as Samsung Electronics Devices Co. , Samsung Electro-Mechanics C o. , Samsung Corning Co. , and Samsung Semiconductor & Telecommunications Co. , and made the facility in  Suwon which lies about 30 km south of Seoul.Its first electronic product was a black-and-white television set. In 1980, Samsung entered the telecommunications hardware industry. Its early products were switchboards. Then it started to developed the telephone and fax manufacturing systems and became the centre of Samsung's mobile phone manufacturing which is one of the top mobile company in the world now. They have produced over 800 million mobile phones till now. Samsung diversified into many areas established Samsung as an industry  leader in a wide range of enterprises, moving into businesses such as insurance, securities, and retail..Samsung started to rise as an international corporation in the 1990s. Samsung became the largest producer of memory chips in the world in 1992, and is the world's second-largest chipmaker after  Intel. In 1995, it created its first  liqui d-crystal display  screen. Ten years later, Samsung grew to be the world's largest manufacturer of liquid-crystal display panels. Sony, which had not invested in large-size  TFT-LCDs, contacted Samsung to cooperate, and, in 2006,  S-LCD  was established as a joint venture between Samsung and Sony in order to provide a stable supply of LCD panels for both manufacturers.S-LCD  was owned by Samsung 51% share and Sony 49% share. As on 26 December 2011 it was announced that Samsung had acquired the stake of Sony in this joint venture. In the first quarter of 2012, Samsung Electronics became the  world's largest mobile phone maker  by unit sales, overtaking  Nokia, which had been the market leader since 1998. LG Corporation  is a South Korean  multinational  conglomerate corporation formed by Koo In-Hwoi in 1947. It is the fourth-largest company South Korea, after Samsung Group, Hyundai Motors Group and SK group.Its headquarters are situated in the LG Twin Towers bui lding in Seoul. LG is specialized in making  electronics, chemicals, and telecom products. The LG Group was a merger of two Korean companies, Lucky and GoldStar, from which the abbreviation of  LG  was derived. The current â€Å"Life's Good† slogan is a backronym. Before the corporate name change to  LG, household products were sold under the brand name ofLucky, while electronic products were sold under the brand name of  GoldStar  . In January 2009 LG was able to buy the domain nameLG. om, for a price reportedly to be more than $100 million, placing it among the companies who own their two letter brand's domain name. [7] In 1994 GoldStar gained sponsorship from The 3DO Company to make the first 3DO Interactive Multiplayer. In 1995, GoldStar was renamed LG Electronics, and acquired Zenith Electronics of the United States. LG Solar Energy is a subsidiary formed in 2007 to allow  LG Chem  to supply polysilicon to LG Electronics for production of solar cells. In 2008, LG took its first dive into the solar-panel manufacturing pool, as it announced a preliminary deal to form a joint venture with Conergy.Under the deal, set to be completed by year's end, LG would acquire a 75 percent stake in Conergy's Frankfurt solar-panel plant. LG has produced camcorders called ARTCAM and DSLRs. LG Electronics has about 75 subsidiaries worldwide with around 91,045 employees. LG Electronics owns  Zenith (subsidiary)  and controls 37. 9 percent of  LG Display. LG Electronics' products includes computers, television, mobie phones, home appliances and semiconductors like DRAM, SDRAM and flash memory. LG Electronics introduced their first  Internet TV  in 2007, originally branded as â€Å"NetCast Entertainment Access† devices.They later renamed the 2011 Internet TV's to â€Å"LG  Smart TV† when more  interactive television  features were added, that enables the audience to receive information from the Internet while at the same time watching conventional TV programming. include  computers,  televisions,  mobilephones,  home appliances  and  semiconductors  (DRAM,  SDRAM  andflash mem a http://bgr. com/2012/07/17/lg-display-samsung-oled-technology-theft/ http://www. samsung. com/uk/aboutsamsung/corporateprofile/history06. html Trade Secrets Case study LG Display workers charged with stealing Samsung OLED  secrets Executive summary This report is related to confidentiality argument for the protection of trade secrets. The report investigates the conflict between Samsung and LG. Samsung claims that LG stole its display technology and blame its own Samsung employees. Samsung accused eleven people, including six of its own employees of stealing its trade secrets and it claims that LG has stole its display technology. IntroductionTrade secrets are any confidential business information which provides an enterprise a competitive edge. Trade secrets can be manufacturing or industrial secrets and commercial secrets. It can be in form of ingredients/chemical composition of a product or the details of a manufacturing process. Trade secrets are the information that is kept secret by the companies to give them an advantage over their competitors. History and background Samsung Group is a  South Korean  multinational   compan y.It was founded by  Lee Byung-chull  in 1938 as a trading company. Its headquarter is in Samsung Town,  Seoul Korea. It comprises numerous subsidiaries and affiliated businesses, most of them united under the  Samsung  brand, and are the largest South Korean  company. It is worldwide famous brand. According to the founder of Samsung Group, the meaning of the  word  Samsung is â€Å"tristar† or â€Å"three stars†. The word â€Å"three† represents something â€Å"big, numerous and powerful†; the â€Å"stars† mean  eternity. Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late 1960s. You can read also Thin Film Solar CellIn 1938,  Lee Byung-chull  who belongs to large landowning family founded  Samsung Sanghoe, a small trading company with forty employees located in Su-dong. It dealt in groceries produced in and around the city and produced its own noodles. After that Lee started sugar refinery and woolen mill. It was the largest ever in the country and the company took on the aspect of a major company. In 1948, the Hyosung group’s founder joined Samsung group and invested in a new company called Samsung Mulsan Gongsa or the Samsung Trading Corporation, ith the Samsung Group. The trading firm grew to become the present-day Samsung C&T Corporation. But after some years these two companies Samsung and Hyosung separated due to differences in management between them. In the late 1960s, Samsung Group entered into the electronics industry. It formed several electronics-related divisions, such as Samsung Electronics Devices Co. , Samsung Electro-Mechanics C o. , Samsung Corning Co. , and Samsung Semiconductor & Telecommunications Co. , and made the facility in  Suwon which lies about 30 km south of Seoul.Its first electronic product was a black-and-white television set. In 1980, Samsung entered the telecommunications hardware industry. Its early products were switchboards. Then it started to developed the telephone and fax manufacturing systems and became the centre of Samsung's mobile phone manufacturing which is one of the top mobile company in the world now. They have produced over 800 million mobile phones till now. Samsung diversified into many areas established Samsung as an industry  leader in a wide range of enterprises, moving into businesses such as insurance, securities, and retail..Samsung started to rise as an international corporation in the 1990s. Samsung became the largest producer of memory chips in the world in 1992, and is the world's second-largest chipmaker after  Intel. In 1995, it created its first  liqui d-crystal display  screen. Ten years later, Samsung grew to be the world's largest manufacturer of liquid-crystal display panels. Sony, which had not invested in large-size  TFT-LCDs, contacted Samsung to cooperate, and, in 2006,  S-LCD  was established as a joint venture between Samsung and Sony in order to provide a stable supply of LCD panels for both manufacturers.S-LCD  was owned by Samsung 51% share and Sony 49% share. As on 26 December 2011 it was announced that Samsung had acquired the stake of Sony in this joint venture. In the first quarter of 2012, Samsung Electronics became the  world's largest mobile phone maker  by unit sales, overtaking  Nokia, which had been the market leader since 1998. LG Corporation  is a South Korean  multinational  conglomerate corporation formed by Koo In-Hwoi in 1947. It is the fourth-largest company South Korea, after Samsung Group, Hyundai Motors Group and SK group.Its headquarters are situated in the LG Twin Towers bui lding in Seoul. LG is specialized in making  electronics, chemicals, and telecom products. The LG Group was a merger of two Korean companies, Lucky and GoldStar, from which the abbreviation of  LG  was derived. The current â€Å"Life's Good† slogan is a backronym. Before the corporate name change to  LG, household products were sold under the brand name ofLucky, while electronic products were sold under the brand name of  GoldStar  . In January 2009 LG was able to buy the domain nameLG. om, for a price reportedly to be more than $100 million, placing it among the companies who own their two letter brand's domain name. [7] In 1994 GoldStar gained sponsorship from The 3DO Company to make the first 3DO Interactive Multiplayer. In 1995, GoldStar was renamed LG Electronics, and acquired Zenith Electronics of the United States. LG Solar Energy is a subsidiary formed in 2007 to allow  LG Chem  to supply polysilicon to LG Electronics for production of solar cells. In 2008, LG took its first dive into the solar-panel manufacturing pool, as it announced a preliminary deal to form a joint venture with Conergy.Under the deal, set to be completed by year's end, LG would acquire a 75 percent stake in Conergy's Frankfurt solar-panel plant. LG has produced camcorders called ARTCAM and DSLRs. LG Electronics has about 75 subsidiaries worldwide with around 91,045 employees. LG Electronics owns  Zenith (subsidiary)  and controls 37. 9 percent of  LG Display. LG Electronics' products includes computers, television, mobie phones, home appliances and semiconductors like DRAM, SDRAM and flash memory. LG Electronics introduced their first  Internet TV  in 2007, originally branded as â€Å"NetCast Entertainment Access† devices.They later renamed the 2011 Internet TV's to â€Å"LG  Smart TV† when more  interactive television  features were added, that enables the audience to receive information from the Internet while at the same time watching conventional TV programming. include  computers,  televisions,  mobilephones,  home appliances  and  semiconductors  (DRAM,  SDRAM  andflash mem a http://bgr. com/2012/07/17/lg-display-samsung-oled-technology-theft/ http://www. samsung. com/uk/aboutsamsung/corporateprofile/history06. html

Character Sketch †Cephalus from Plato’ S Republic Essay

Choose one of the three main characters from Book integrity of Platos state (Cephalus, Polemarchus or Thrasymachus). bring through a character sketch that shows how the personality, loving status, deportment situation and position equal the views the character captures active behavior and about the virtue of referee. Include the definition of justice for the character you be describing.In agree one, we atomic number 18 introduced to four main characters Socrates, Cephalus, Polemarchus, and Thrasymachus. Republic takes coif in the home of Cephalus and Polemarchus, in the Piraeus. Cephalus is a elderly and pecuniaryly practiced merchant and businessman. He give ways his life in moderation, he doesnt over-reach and try to frame too wealthy, and was also non a fan of excessive spending. He certainly wouldnt approve of the credit bankers bill debts that many Americans have. But thanks to his financial security, Cephalus has a comfortable life in old mature.By living his life in moderation, the transition to an elderly life-style has non been shocking or depressing. Cephalus go forth admit that these are not his favorable Years, per say its certainly not the greatest period in his life, tho thanks to that moderation, he finds the old age to not be as untold of a institutionalize as his friends do. His friends are depressed and woeful of their age. They miss the life style that they had in their youth. Because of their age, they can no eight-day partake in the things they thought do them happy sex, drugs, rock and roll, essenti ally.Cephalus has a mere(a) idea of justice. Though he neer goes to describe it himself, we can pull roughlywhat context from his discussion with Socrates to fill in the details. Cephalus is an honest man, and as we said, he lives his life in moderation in all aspects. He doesnt strive for straight-out wealth, but still values that wealth he has, and likely behaves ethically and chastely for that reason. Cephalus keeps his desires at bay he working hard, and he enjoys himself, but always manages to hold onto most of his money. The problem is, it seems to Socrates to be easier to live a just and moderate life, because of the wealth that Cephalus possesses.Because Cephalus values wealth, he seems to put a heavy emphasis on the quittance of debts (and avoidance of debt in the first place as well) in his ideal of justice. He feels that if he can go to his adjoining life not owing anyone a penny, it will lift a burden on his soul, in a metaphysical sense. A peace of mind comes with not lying or engaging in deception which is easier to maintain when wealthy and not faced with problems (like, for example, feeding and clothing your family some people will do anything when they are seemingly backed into a corner). give thanks to wealth, Cephalus is (at least in his own acme of view) able to live a life without lies, without deception, and without debts.

Evaluation of Three Lesson Plan Templates for ELT

principle English as a Second nomenclature (ELT) is a demanding job that is currently experiencing too fewer t from apiece unrivaleders to fill the jobs out in that location. As more(prenominal) than and more foreign students give in United States Schools, experienced instructors leave behind be motivatinged to fill these s solidifications. Thus, training ELT teachers is of the ut roughly(prenominal) concern for education de bumpments in colleges and universities throughout the country. Clearly, tools, strategies and animation must be made available to these refreshed teachers so that they great deal focus their era on teaching the students. A good lesson architectural programme templet get out go a long dear smart in easing the burden on the ELT teacher.This leaven receive focus on the threesome lesson platform templets submitted for instructing ELT partes. These pathfinders lead be analyzed and respectd for the following comp 1nts 1) acknowledgment o f lesson and objectives 2) strategies and methods, 3) equipment and stuff and nonsenses needed, 4) use of technology, 5) reinforcement and enrichment, 6) structural format, 7) general faculty of use.These criteria atomic number 18 secern in the development of a viable lesson propose and will aid unexampled ELT teachers in preparing thorough and captivate lessons. After that, the lesson plans will be assessed based on their strengths and weaknesses followed by or so overall apprizeions for improvement for both the individual lesson plan templates and for all three templates together. world-wide Descriptionvisually this lesson plan provides a large writing space with topic indicators down the left hand margin, draw out for the mesh and sentence in the upper right hand corner. This lesson identifies the basic class/date/time reading. Then it provides a spot for aims and spick-and-span lexis. It whence provides a spot for needed equipment, materials and preparation in advance class begins. Then the plan gives a cardinal columned table for the method of the lesson and the time it will fix. Finally, the plan gives a spot for the homework and comments on the lesson.StrengthsThe strengths of this lesson include its inclusion of the new words to learn, which is distinguished to the ELT class focussing and the initial mention of the aims, which we butt affect argon the objectives. The timing out of each part of the lesson on the table is too all-important(prenominal). whizz of the close to valuable parts of the plan is its reflection incision at the bottom. Comments on the lesson are vital to reworking it for the adjoining intromission.WeaknessesThis lesson plan is spaced oddly. It does non provide full room for the method component part. Organization seems a slur off as easy. The equipment and materials separate the method of the lesson from its aims and new words of study. It is hard to tell from the methods portion what just now will be happening this leaves a lot for the teacher to bring out in on a daily basis.Suggestions for riseI would move the Methods section up under the Aims and New Lexis subheadings. This way, the entire lesson is presented as a unit rather than broken up by the materials and equipment needed. I would also consider abject the Before the Class heading to the top, so that it bath be completed the day before. After that, the lesson is unbosom linear. Also consider this if the lesson always contains a section for, say, oral repetition of new words followed by visual images of the words, these two subheadings could be typed in to hold back time in writing out the lesson plan.General DescriptionThis lesson plan template uses six level encasees. The jump contains basic information like class, room number, date, time and length of lesson. The second encase is consecrate to the aims of the ELT cultivate and includes four categories of these aims functional, structural, phonologi cal and skills aims. Then, the third disaster lists materials the fourth box lists help and the fifth box provides for an evaluation of the procedure.StrengthsThe physical layout is in truth attractive and appropriate for showing clear divisions in the plan. The separation of the lesson aims into categories is important and reminds the teacher that each lesson needs to meet each of these four components in order to trace legitimate the ELT student fully grasps the concept being taught. Again, a spot to evaluate the lesson, or components of it, is vital for future planning, and ample space is given for the teacher to do so in this particular lesson plan template.WeaknessesThis lesson plan seems to misappropriate the use of space. It seems that the largest amount of space should go to describing the lesson aims and method, but this does not happen here. In fact, there is not place listed to describe the actual process and procedure of the lesson plan itself. There is nothing to show what will be happening specifically during the class. I am not sure how the word aids differs from materials, so this talent be unnecessarily clamant and take up space from other needed information.Suggestions for ImprovementThis lesson plan must add a section for specifying each activity and the anticipated time for it. Without that, there is no way to evaluate how well the lesson went and what changes might be made to it. The first box is way too large. That good deal be condensed by half.General DescriptionThe third lesson plan template takes the form of five vertical columns. Above the columns are spots for the general data of class, overall aim, date and time. Beneath the columns are spaces to list homework and an evaluation of the lesson. The six columns are labeled as follows Activity, Materials and Aids, cartridge clip Needed, Skills to be Practised, and Problems Anticipated.StrengthsThe vertical columns suggest a very linear organization. Each activity listed in the first column can be tracked crosswise each column, leaving no question as to the distinct identity of each separate activity. This is the simply lesson plan to do this. Also, the spot to anticipate problems is also very insightful, as lessons rarely go as expected. Once again, the teacher has a place to evaluate his or her lessons.WeaknessesAgain, I think the order of the presentation is a little inefficient. A reordering of the columns is suggested below. Also, only if one spot is given for an overall aim. However, most lessons have additional, more specific goals and objectives as well.Suggestions for ImprovementI would order the columns in the following way Time Needed, Activity, Skills, Materials, and Problems. This seems to flow natural and will grasp the teacher from backtracking. I would also add a spot for more lesson-specific objectives in addition to the larger, overall aim.Overall EvaluationAll of the lesson plans present are an excellent start in preparing a templ ate to use in the ELT classroom. However, a few additions might improve all of the lesson plans. As a take of housekeeping, it is a good idea to have a spot for students who are absent. That way, make up materials can be collected and distributed very easily without the need to cross check the lesson plan with the attendance book.Next, I would suggest that a spot be added to each lesson plan for reinforcement and for enrichment. It is entirely possible that just about students will need additional work on the basic goals and aims opus others master them quickly. Thus, the reinforcement activities can re-teach the lesson to those slower to grasp it while the enrichment activities can give more challenging work to those that picked up the material faster than others. Everyone will stay busy while the teacher focuses on those that are struggling.Most educators suggest reserving a spot at the beginning of the plan for review of previous material and again at the end of the plan to re view the days lesson and preview the next day. It is easy to forget these things they can be very easily written into the plan. One blaring omission in all three of the lesson plans was the omission of the use of technology.While this might be listed under materials, I believe that technology use, peculiarly in the ELT classroom, is an integral part in lesson planning. speech sound lessons, video lessons, even lessons on PowerPoint or reckoner programs used by the students are all solid strategies for students learning a second language. It is a deface to omit this design in the lesson plan as many teacher evaluation and certification instruments specifically seek them.Finally, it is always outdo to have as much space available as one can to write in. I would suggest that the teachers discover the margins on the documents to that more information can be written in the spaces. While the lesson plan is outdo kept to one page, the more writing that the teacher can neatly put on that one page, the better. It is better to have too much information on the page than not enough.Organization is the key to success for all teachers, and especially the teachers of ELT. Once the children enter the classroom, there is now time to try to make sense of a confusing or bad written plan. Not every plan will work for every teacher, so it may take some time to hit upon the very best template.The best advice is to have a space to write in things you do every day, such as review, homework, preview, reflection etc. That way you will not forget to include that segment in your lesson. It is important to keep track of time so that the class time will never be wasted. Finally, the more specific the plan is, the easier it is to teach. Each of these three plans is certainly on track and with a few claw modifications, they will be ready to use in the classroom.